According to the assessment, with the current technical potential, Vietnam belongs to the group of 15 countries with wind energy technical potential and 10 countries with the best wave energy in the world. In addition, there is potential for other forms of marine renewable energy in Vietnam such as flow energy, thermal energy (OTEC), solar radiation, biomass, which have great potential in the Central Coast and the coastal areas. Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagoes, tidal energy in the northern Gulf of Tonkin and estuary in the Mekong Delta, salt gradient energy at estuaries... But what is the solution to marine renewable energy? our sustainable development in the coming future? Experts specializing in the study of seas and islands have the following analytical articles. We look forward to receiving comments, suggestions and criticisms from readers.
DU VAN TOAN - SEA AND ISLAND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, GENERAL DEPARTMENT OF SEAS AND ISLAND (MINISTRY OF RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT)
Development trend of marine energy in the world
According to the October 2020 report of the World Renewable Energy Organization (IRENA), marine energy sources can generate 45,000 - 130,000 TWh of electricity per year (more than double the current global electricity demand). . This figure shows that, not only is it highly predictable and suitable for providing a stable base energy source, marine energy also helps to enhance freshwater supply through seawater desalination. This is also the trend of developing a new ocean economy, a global sustainable blue ocean economy.
According to IRENA's renewable energy development history in 2019, global renewable energy has made great strides after the timelines of the 1999 Kyoto Agreement and the 2015 Paris Agreement and the SDG Millennium Goals. reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the cause of global climate change since 2005 with 50 GW of wind power, 15 GW of solar power by the end of 2018 has reached a record total wind power capacity of 590 GW, solar power is 400 GW.
According to IRENA's forecast, the current annual installation rate of renewable electricity for wind and solar power is 109 GW/54 GW/year, 300 GW/200 GW/year in 2030, 360 GW/year in 2050. 240 GW/year. The current contribution rate in the total electricity source is 25% renewable electricity, in 2030 it will be 57%, in 2050 it will be 86%.
According to the forecast of the Organization of the Developed Countries (OECD), in 2016 about the world marine - ocean economy by 2030, of which the marine economy is forecasted to reach 2.96 trillion USD by 2030 (compared to the price of the oceans). 2010) and an average annual growth rate of 2.5% of the total global economic value. The economic structure of marine economic sectors has changed again between industries, in which the marine and coastal tourism industry contributes the most, accounting for 26% of the total value of marine economic sectors, followed by the fishing industry. Offshore oil and gas production accounted for 21%, port activities accounted for 16%, followed by marine equipment industry 10%, seafood processing 9%, marine wind energy 8%, shipping 4%, ship building and repair 3%, fishing 2%, marine aquaculture 1%.
The engineering marine wind energy resource can produce 420,000 TWh annually, 18 times the current worldwide demand. Currently, according to the International Energy Organization (IEA), electricity from offshore wind energy accounts for 0.3% of global electricity and has tended to develop strongly in the last 10 years along with large capacity technology. Bigger turbines, cheaper prices, green electricity does not pollute the air and has no carbon emissions.
The marine wind power market has increased continuously annually by 30% from 2010 to 2018. Currently, there are 150 large wind farms in operation and especially in 2018 in the UK, Germany, Denmark, USA, etc. China. Currently, Europe has installed 20 GW of offshore wind power and has a support policy to quadruple by 2030 to 80 GW.
The IEA forecasts that by 2040, global marine wind power will have a development investment of about $1 trillion with an annual installed capacity growth rate of 13%. Countries that will strongly develop investment in offshore wind power by 2040 are the EU (Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland), UK, USA, China, Japan, India, Korea, and Taiwan. The installed capacity efficiency of offshore wind farms reaching 50% is much higher than that of solar power by nearly 20% and onshore wind power of 35%.
Particularly, the European Commission (EC) with the ambition to lead the world economy with low carbon emissions has set a target to increase marine wind power by 180 GW by 2040, and 450 GW by 2050. based on turbine technology with a capacity of 12 MW/1 turbine and can create 60,000 new jobs.
Current status of marine wind energy resources and policies in Vietnam
The 8th Conference of the 12th Party Central Committee issued a Resolution on the Strategy for sustainable development of Vietnam's marine economy to 2030, with a vision to 2045 (Resolution No. 36-NQ/TW). October 22, 2018 made breakthroughs in marine economic sectors of the whole country up to 2030 in the order of priority:
1/ Tourism and sea services.
2/ Maritime economy.
3/ Exploiting oil and gas and other marine mineral resources.
4/ Aquaculture and marine exploitation
5/ Coastal industry.
6/ Renewable energy and new marine economic sectors.
Decision 2068/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister approving Vietnam's renewable energy development strategy to 2030, with a vision to 2050 on November 25, 2015 has the following objectives:
Firstly: Gradually raise the rate of people accessing clean energy and electricity in rural, mountainous, remote, border and island areas: By 2020, most households will have access to electricity. By 2030, most households will have access to modern, sustainable and reliable energy services with reasonable electricity and energy prices.
Second: Developing and using renewable energy sources to contribute to the achievement of environmental sustainability goals and the development of a green economy:
1/ Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in energy activities compared with the normal development option: About 5% in 2020, about 25% in 2030 and about 45% in 2050.
2/ Contributing to the reduction of imported fuels for energy purposes: Reducing about 40 million tons of coal and 3.7 million tons of oil products by 2030, reducing about 150 million tons of coal and 10.5 million tons of oil products by year 2050.
Third: Increase the total renewable energy sources produced and used from about 25 million TOE (tons of oil equivalent) in 2015 to about 37 million TOE in 2020; about 62 million TOE in 2030 and 138 million TOE in 2050. The proportion of renewable energy in total primary energy consumption in 2015 reached about 31.8%; about 31.0% by 2020; about 32.3% in 2030 and increase, reaching about 44.0% in 2050.
Fourth: Increase electricity production from renewable energy from about 58 billion kWh in 2015 to about 101 billion kWh in 2020, about 186 billion kWh in 2030 and about 452 billion kWh in 2050. electricity produced from renewable energy in the total electricity produced nationwide will increase from about 35% in 2015 to about 38% in 2020; about 32% by 2030 and about 43% by 2050.
Fifth: Increase the absorption area of solar hot water systems from about 3 million m2 in 2015 to about 8 million m2 in 2020, providing 1.1 million TOE; about 22 million m in 2030, providing 3.1 million TOE and reaching about 41 million m2 in 2050, providing 6 million TOE. Increase the percentage of households with devices using solar energy (hot water systems, cooking stoves, space heating and cooling, water distillation... using solar energy) from about 4.3% in 2015 to about 12% in 2020, about 26% in 2030 and about 50% in 2050.
Marine wind energy resources in Vietnam
|
No |
Depth (m) |
Global (GW) |
Việt Nam (GW) |
Vietnam/Global (%) |
|
1 |
0-30 |
6928,7 |
196.44 |
2.84 |
|
2 |
30-60 |
10455 |
280.02 |
2.68 |
|
3 |
60-1000 |
56785 |
465.74 |
0.83 |
|
Total |
|
74169 |
942.2 |
1.28 |
According to calculations and assessment of technical potential (based on existing fixed and floating turbine technology) of the Institute of Sea and Island Research - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam's waters have the potential to is nearly 950 GW, of which the sea with a depth of 0-30 m has a capacity of about 200 GW, the sea with a depth of 30-60 m has a potential of 280 GW, and the sea with a depth of 60-1000 m has potential 470 GW. If fully exploited and installed, the annual capacity can be obtained 4160 TWh/year, 20 times higher than Vietnam's current electricity demand (about 200 TWh/year). With the current technical potential, Vietnam is in the group of 15 countries with the best technical potential for marine wind energy in the world.
Potential of wave energy in Vietnam
According to a preliminary assessment of the Institute of Sea and Islands Research, Vietnam's coastal waters with existing wave power turbine technology can annually produce 230 TWh/year, equivalent to the current electricity capacity. currently in Vietnam. According to the method of assessing coastal wave energy and comparing with coastal countries, Vietnam can be in the group of 10 countries with the best wave energy in the world.
The potential of other forms of marine renewable energy in Vietnam such as flow energy, thermal energy (OTEC), solar radiation, biomass is very potential in the Central Sea and in the sea area of the Hoang Sa and Hoang Sa archipelagoes. In Truong Sa, tidal energy is available in the northern Gulf of Tonkin and in the estuaries of the Mekong River Delta, and salt gradient energy at estuaries.
Proposing solutions to develop wind energy and marine renewable energy in Vietnam by 2030, with a vision to 2045
Proposed solutions by 2030:
1/ Develop a national policy and institutional framework on licensing, appraisal, environmental impact assessment, marine leasing, and development of marine wind energy projects.
2/ Building the national marine wind energy database.
3/ Develop a marine spatial plan for the development of marine wind energy in Vietnam.
4/ Formulate a national strategy on marine wind energy development to 2030, with a vision to 2045.
5/ Develop an international cooperation project on scientific research, human resource training and technology transfer and policy on marine wind energy.
6/ Develop a science and technology program (or integrate it into the national science and technology program) on marine renewable energy.
7/ Project on integrating marine economic development based on marine wind energy.
8/ Project on supply chain of services, supporting industries and human resources serving marine wind energy.
9/ Develop and issue specific mechanisms and policies for wind power projects with large capacity (3.4 GW) such as Thanglong Wind offshore Binh Thuan province.
The period from 2030 to 2050:
1/ Update and supplement policies, strategies, and master plans for the development of wind energy and marine renewable energy (waves, currents, tides, OTEC...).
2/ International cooperation in scientific research and testing of new marine renewable electricity technology. And finally, integrating marine economic sectors and marine renewable energy.
